Public Order in Spanish Republicanism

In Spain, from 1830 to 1939, republicanism became a determining factor in the dynamics of political engagement of the working class and the middle class. Outside of government, the republican culture identified public order with a vague mixture of moral reform, civic participation, and social change. The failure of the 1st and 2nd Spanish Republics (1873, 1931–1939) was caused as much by the resistance of those groups and institutions which felt the consequences of democratic reformism, and the simultaneous popular impatience, as by the lack of precision of the republican ideas on public order.